Gatekeepers
The five companies (Apple, Google/Alphabet, Microsoft, Amazon, Meta) that together control over 92 % of digital infrastructure, search, app stores, cloud services, and social interactions (2025 figures).
They act as unavoidable chokepoints for nearly every online action and can unilaterally block access, harvest data, or exclude competitors.
See also → Walled garden · Digital sovereignty · Thesis 1 · Thesis 2 · Thesis 6
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